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PART ONE BASIC PRINCIPLES3

Chapter 1 General Introduction to Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica3

1 The Conception of Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica3

2 The Application of Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica4

2.1 To Clarify Effective Compositions of Chinese Herbs4

2.2 To Filitate the Development of New Drugs5

3 The Progress of Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica6

3.1 Development in Identification of Effective Compositions of Chinese Herbs6

3.2 The New Development in Drug Research and Pharmeutical Industry7

3.3 The Progress in Quality Control of Chinese Herbs and their Preparations7

Chapter 2 General Methods for Chemical Investigation of Chinese Herbs10

1 The Biosynthetic Pathways and Classification of Chemical Constituents from Chinese Herbs10

1.1 Biosynthetic Pathways11

1.2 Classification of Chemical Constituents11

2 The General Methods for Chemical Investigation13

2.1 Extrtion Methods13

2.2 Isolation Methods22

2.3 Structure Determination Methods32

Chapter 3 Carbohydrates and Glycosides47

1 Carbohydrates47

1.1 Introduction47

1.2 Structure and Classification47

1.3 The properties of carbohydrates54

2 Glycosides56

2.1 Introduction56

2.2 Structure and Classification56

2.3 General Physicochemical Properties62

3 Extrtion and Isolation Methods69

3.1 Extrtion Methods69

3.2 Isolation Methods72

4 Identification74

4.1 Physicochemical Identification74

4.2 Chromatography Identification75

5 Structure Determination75

5.1 Determination of Physical Constants75

5.2 Determination of Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight76

5.3 Identification of Aglycones and Saharides76

5.4 Determination of the Linkage Sequence and Position in the Saharide Moiety78

5.5 Determination of the Configuration of Glycosidic Linkage80

Chapter 4 Quinones83

1 Introduction83

2 Structure Charteristics and Classification83

2.1 Benzoquinones83

2.2 Naphthoquinones84

2.3 Phenanthraquinones85

2.4 Anthraquinones85

3 Physical and Chemical Properties88

3.1 Physical Properties88

3.2 Chemical Properties89

4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods92

4.1 Extrtion Methods92

4.2 Isolation Methods92

5 Identification94

5.1 Physicochemical Identification94

5.2 Chromatography Identification94

6 Structure Elucidation94

6.1 Chemical Methods94

6.2 Spectroscopic Analysis of Anthraquinones95

Chapter 5 Phenylpropanoids101

1 Introduction101

2 Simple Phenylpropanoids102

2.1 Structure and Classification102

2.2 Extrtion and Isolation Methods102

3 Coumarins103

3.1 Introduction103

3.2 Structure and Classification104

3.3 General Physicochemical Properties106

3.4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods108

3.5 Identification109

3.6 Structure Determination109

4 Lignans111

4.1 Introduction111

4.2 Structure and Classification111

4.3 General Physicochemical Properties114

4.4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods115

4.5 Identification116

4.6 Structure Determination116

Chapter 6 Flavonoids120

1 Introduction120

1.1 Definition of Flavonoids120

1.2 Distribution of Flavonoids120

1.3 Pharmological Activities of Flavonoids121

1.4 The Biosynthesis of Flavonoids121

2 Structure and Classification122

2.1 Flavonoid Aglycones122

2.2 Flavonoid Glycosides128

3 Physical and Chemical Properties129

3.1 Physical Properties129

3.2 Chemical Properties130

4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods133

4.1 Extrtion Methods133

4.2 Isolation Methods133

5 Identification136

5.1 Physicochemical Identification136

5.2 TLC Identification136

6 Structure Elucidation137

6.1 UV137

6.2 NMR140

6.3 MS146

6.4 An Example for Structural Determination of Flavonoids149

Chapter 7 Tannins154

1 Introduction154

2 Structure and Classification156

2.1 Hydrolysable Tannins156

2.2 Condensed Tannins159

2.3 Complex Tannins160

3 General Physicochemical Properties161

3.1 Physical Properties161

3.2 Chemical Properties161

4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods161

4.1 Extrtion Methods161

4.2 Isolation Methods161

5 Identification163

6 Structure Determination164

6.1 1H-NMR164

6.2 13C-NMR165

6.3 MS165

6.4 CD165

Chapter 8 Alkaloid&s168

1 Introduction168

1.1 Definition of Alkaloids168

1.2 Distribution of Alkaloids168

1.3 Pharmological Activities of Alkaloids169

2 Structure and Classification169

3 Physical and Chemical Properties171

3.1 Physical Properties171

3.2 Chemical Properties172

4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods177

4.1 Extrtion of Alkaloids177

4.2 Isolation of Alkaloids178

5 Identification183

5.1 Chemical Tests183

5.2 Chromatography Methods184

6 Structure Determination184

6.1 Chemical Methods184

6.2 Spectroscopy Methods185

Chapter 9 Steroids189

1 Introduction189

1.1 Defination and Classification of Steroids190

1.2 Color Retions of Steroids190

2 Cardi Glycosides191

2.1 Introduction191

2.2 Structures and Classification191

2.3 Relationship between Structures of Cardi Glycosides and Their Cardi Activities193

2.4 Physical and Chemical Properties194

2.5 Extrtion and Isolation of Cardi Glycosides198

2.6 Identification of Cardi Glycosides199

2.7 Spectroscopic Charters of Cardi Glycosides200

3 Bile Acids206

3.1 Introduction206

3.2 Structure Charters of Bile Acids207

3.3 Main Properties of Bile Acids207

3.4 Identification of Bile Acids208

3.5 Extrtion and Isolation of Bile Acids208

4 C21-Steroids208

5 Phytosterols209

Chapter 10 Terpenoids and Volatile Oils212

1 Terpenoids212

1.1 Introduction212

1.2 Classification and Representatives of Terpenoids214

1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties225

1.4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods228

1.5 Identification229

1.6 Structure Determination230

2 Volatile Oils231

2.1 Introduction231

2.2 The Composition232

2.3 Physical and Chemical Properties233

2.4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods234

2.5 Identification236

Chapter 11 Saponins239

1 Introduction239

2 Structure Charters and Classification239

2.1 Steroidal Saponins240

2.2 Triterpenoid Saponins243

3 Physical and Chemical Properties249

3.1 Physical Properties249

3.2 Chemical Properties250

3.3 Hemolysis Property251

4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods252

4.1 Extrtion Methods252

4.2 Isolation Methods253

5 Identification254

5.1 Physical and Chemical Identification254

5.2 Chromatography Identification254

6 Structure Elucidation254

6.1 UV255

6.2 IR255

6.3 MS255

6.4 NMR259

Chapter 12 Other Constituents264

1 Fatty Acids264

1.1 Introduction264

1.2 Structure Charters and Classification265

1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties267

1.4 Extrtion and Isolation Methods267

2 Organic Sulphur Compounds267

2.1 Introduction267

2.2 Organic Sulphur Compounds from Chinese Herbs268

3 Amino Acids,Proteins,and Enzymes268

3.1 Amino Acids268

3.2 Proteins and Enzymes270

4 Minerals271

4.1 Introduction271

4.2 Examples of Mineral271

PART TWO APPLICATIONS279

Chapter 13 Examples of Chinese Herbs279

Lycii Fructus（Gouqizi）279

Armeniae Semen Amarum（Kuxingren）284

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma（Dahuang）286

Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma（Danshen）290

Arnebiae Radix（Zicao）292

Fraxini Cortex（Qinpi）294

Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus（Wuweizi）297

Forsythiae Fructus（Lianqiao）299

Scutellariae Radix（Huangqin）302

Puerariae Lobatae Radix（Gegen）305

Sophorae Flos（Huaihua）308

Ginkgo Folium（Yinxingye）311

Galla Chinensis（Wubeizi）316

Cinnamomi Cortex（Rougui）318

Ephedrae Herba（Mahuang）321

Coptidis Rhizoma（Huanglian）325

Daturae Flos（Yangjinhua）331

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix（Kushen）336

Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix（Fangji）340

Corydalis Rhizoma（Yanhusuo）343

Periplocae Cortex（Xiangjiapi）346

Bufonis Venenum（Chansu）351

Bovis Calculus（Niuhuang）357

Artemisiae Annuae Herba（Qinghao）358

Andrographis Herba（Chuanxinlian）362

Rehmanniae Radix（Dihuang）366

Menthae Haplocalycis Herba（Bohe）369

Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（Renshen）372

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma（Gancao）380

Bupleuri Radix（Chaihu）385

Ophiopogonis Radix （Maidong）391

Allii Sativi Bulbus（Dasuan）396

APPENDICES403

Appendix Ⅰ Glossary403

Appendix Ⅱ Latin Names442

Appendix Ⅲ Abbreviations for Commonly Used Solvents453