图书介绍

PDF付费下载加右下角的二维码

图书目录

1 Psychology Is Alive and Well(and Doing Fine Among the Sciences)1

The Freud Problem1

The Diversity of Modern Psychology3

Implications of Diversity4

Unity in Science6

What,Then,Is Science?8

Systematic Empiricism9

Publicly Verifiable Knowledge:Replication and Peer Review10

Empirically Solvable Problems:ScientistsSearch for Testable Theories12

Psychology and Folk Wisdom:The Problem with"Common Sense"13

Psychology as a Young Science17

Summary18

2 Falsifiability:How to Foil Little Green Men in the Head21

Theories and the Falsifiability Criterion22

The Theory of Knocking Rhythms23

Freud and Falsifiability24

The Little Green Men26

Not All Confirmations Are Equal28

Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom29

The Freedom to Admit a Mistake29

Thoughts Are Cheap32

Errors in Science:Getting Closer to the Truth33

Summary36

3 Operationism and Essentialism:"But,Doctor,What Does It Really Mean?"37

Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists37

Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words38

Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events39

Reliability and Validity40

Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions42

Scientific Concepts Evolve43

Operational Definitions in Psychology45

Operationism as a Humanizing Force47

Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology49

Summary51

4 Testimonials and Case Study Evidence:Plebo Effects and the Amazing Randi53

The Ple of the Case Study54

Why Testimonials Are Worthless:Plebo Effects56

The"Vividness"Problem59

The Overwhelming Impt of the Single Case62

The Amazing Randi:Fighting Fire with Fire64

Testimonials Open the Door to Pseudoscience65

Summary71

5 Correlation and Causation:Birth Control by the Toaster Method73

The Third-Variable Problem:Goldberger and Pellagra74

Why Goldbergers Evidence Was Better75

The Directionality Problem78

Selection Bias79

Summary83

6 Getting Things Under Control:The Case of Clever Hans85

Snow and Cholera86

Comparison,Control,and Manipulation87

Random Assignment in Conjunction with Manipulation Defines the True Experiment88

The Importance of Control Groups90

The Case of Clever Hans,the Wonder Horse95

Clever Hans in the 1990s97

Prying Variables Apart:Special Conditions100

Intuitive Physics102

Intuitive Psychology103

Summary106

7 "But Its Not Real Life!":The"Artificiality"Criticism and Psychology107

Why Natural Isnt Always Necessary107

The"Random Sample"Confusion108

The Random Assignment Versus Random Sample Distinction109

Theory-Driven Research Versus Direct Applications110

Applications of Psychological Theory115

The"College Sophomore"Problem117

The Real-Life and College Sophomore Problems in Perspective120

Summary121

8 Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome:The Importance of Converging Evidence123

The Connectivity Principle124

A Consumers Rule:Beware of Violations of Connectivity125

The"Great-Leap"Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model126

Converging Evidence:Progress Despite Flaws128

Converging Evidence in Psychology130

Scientific Consensus134

Methods and the Convergence Principle136

The Progression to More Powerful Methods137

A Counsel Against Despair139

Summary142

9 The Misguided Search for the"Magic Bullet":The Issue of Multiple Causation143

The Concept of Intertion144

The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation147

Summary150

10 The AchillesHeel of Human Cognition:Probabilistic Reasoning151

"Person-Who"Statistics153

Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology154

Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning156

Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information157

Failure to Use Sample-Size Information159

The Gamblers Fally161

A Further Word About Statistics and Probability163

Summary165

11 The Role of Chance in Psychology167

The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events167

Explaining Chance:Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control170

Chance and Psychology172

Coincidence172

Personal Coincidences175

Aepting Error in Order to Rce Error:Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction176

Summary183

12 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences185

Psychologys Image Problem185

Psychology and Parapsychology186

The Self-Help Literature188

Recipe Knowledge190

Psychology and Other Disciplines192

Our Own Worst Enemies193

Isnt Everyone a Psychologist?Implicit Theories of Behavior199

The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology200

The Final Word205

References207

Credits229

Name Index230

Subject Index237