扁鹊与鸟图腾

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扁鹊与鸟图腾
Bian Que and Bird Totem

相传神鸟“扁鹊”与针砭起源也有着密切关系。20世纪70年代，山东微山两城山出土有东汉画像石“扁鹊行医针砭图”，图中生动刻画一“半人半鹊”之神鸟以针砭等工具给人治病，其旁阴刻有“山鹊”字样。此神鸟当为上古时期之扁鹊，反映了古代东夷地区原始的鸟图腾崇拜（古有“鸟夷羽民”之说，古人以鸟为图腾，认为鸟具有某种神力，如鸟能交通人神，羽化升仙，祛疾增寿等），揭示了东夷针砭之术的起源。

后来，“扁鹊”一词成为对后世名医的尊称，尤其是战国时期的秦越人，直接被以“扁鹊”称之。

It is said that the mythical bird “Bian Que” is closely related to the origin of “Zhen Bian” (stone-needle). In 1970s, a stone relief carving, named as “Bian Que performing stone-needle picture” from the Eastern Han Dynasty period, was unearthed in Liangchengshan of Weishan County of Shandong Province. The stone relief is engraved with a vivid “half-human magpie” (human head and bird body) treating a patient using a stone needle and with an incised word “山鹊 (mountain magpie)” nearby. This half-human magpie is speculated to be “Bian Que” in the antediluvian period of China, reflecting the primitive bird totem worship custom in the ancient coastal region of Bohai Bay (where a saying about “Niaoyi Yumin” existed in the ancient times, i.e., the indigenous people believed that the bird is a totem and has a sort of extraordinary power, for instance, being able in communicating the human to gods, becoming celestial being, and helping the patient remove pathogens to prolong life span, etc.). All of these possibly reveal the origin of stone needling technique in the coastal area of Bohai Bay in ancient China.

Later on, the word “Bian Que” gradually becomes an honorific title for well-known physicians, like QIN Yue-ren in the Warring States period.

东汉画像石扁鹊拓片
山东省济南市博物馆藏

Bian Que rubbings of stone relief from the Eastern Han Dynasty

Preserved by the Museum of Jinan City, Shandong Province

东汉画像石扁鹊砭刺图
山东省曲阜市孔庙藏

Eastern Han-Dynasty stone relief with Bian Que’s stone-needle performing

Preserved by Confucius Temple of Qufu City, Shandong Province

东汉画像石扁鹊针刺图
中国国家博物馆藏

Eastern Han-Dynasty stone relief with Bian Que’s acupuncture needle performing

Preserved by National Museum of China

鸟图腾与医学

Bird totem and medicine

古人以鸟为图腾，鸟能祛疾安泰，助人长寿，引人升仙，东晋葛洪《抱朴子》中载“千岁之鸟，万岁之禽，皆人面而鸟身，寿亦如其名”，因而赋予它健康长寿繁衍之义。如东汉画像石的扁鹊行医针砭图，提示了鸟图腾与医药之间的特殊关系；鸟首人身的“句芒”，为东方木神，主司生机，能增寿延年；“玄鸟贻卵”寓含生育繁殖，玄鸟即燕，后世民俗中常以燕子指代生育之喜。

The ancient people regarded bird as totem and believed that bird could dispel diseases, promote longevity for being immortal. Gehong’s Baopuzi (《抱朴子》 Inner Treatise) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty recorded “thousand-year-old birds, long-lived birds with human head and bird body, all have long life ”, which signified birth, health, and longevity. The special relationship between bird totem and medicine is pointed out in Bian Que’s stone portrait performing stone needle in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Legendary “Goumang” with bird head and human body is the Oriental Wood God, dominating vitality and life. The story “black bird spreading egg” implies reproduction and birth, and black bird particularly refers to the swallow, which represents happiness of birth in folk culture later.

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【本文选自《针灸史话（中英对照图文版）》（第2版），人民卫生出版社，主编：张立剑。编辑整理。文中部分图片来源于网络。扫描下图二维码可查看本书详情。】

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